Review

Research Progress of PAL Gene and Its Function in Medicinal Plants

  • 王若娴,朱瑞艳,开国银,时 敏
Expand
  • (1. School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang China)

Received date: 2024-03-19

  Accepted date: 2024-04-05

  Online published: 2024-05-27

Abstract

The phenylalanine metabolic pathway is a key metabolic pathway in plants, producing compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignans. These substances not only regulate plant growth, development, and stress resistance, but also employ in the prevention and treatment of diseases, which are major factors in determining the quality of medicinal plants. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the catalyst for the first reaction in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway and is the key and rate-limiting enzyme of this pathway. This review examines the fundamental features, control of expression of the PAL gene in medicinal plants, which serves as a foundation for further understanding the role of PAL in medicinal plants.

Cite this article

王若娴,朱瑞艳,开国银,时 敏 . Research Progress of PAL Gene and Its Function in Medicinal Plants[J]. Subtropical Plant Science, 2024 , 53(2) : 181 -190 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2024.02.012

References

[1] 孙立影, 于志晶, 李海云, 李俊波, 刘洪章, 林秀峰, 马瑞. 植物次生代谢物研究进展[J]. 吉林农业科学, 2009, 34(4): 4–10.
[2] Barros J, Dixon R A. Plant phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyases [J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2019, 25(1): 66–79.
[3] Koukol J, Conn E E. The metabolism of aromatic compounds in higher plants. IV. Purification and properties of the phenylalanine deaminase of Hordeum vulgare [J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1961, 236: 2692–2698.
[4] 尚军, 吴旺泽, 马永贵. 植物苯丙烷代谢途径[J]. 中国生物化学与分子生物学报, 2022, 38(11): 1467–1476.
[5] Hou X M, Shao F J, Ma Y M, Lu S F. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza: genome-wide characterization, molecular cloning and expression analysis [J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2013, 40(7): 4301–4310.
[6] Xu H, Park N I, Li X H, Kim Y Y, Lee S Y, Park S U. Molecular cloning and characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and genes involved in flavone biosynthesis in Scutellaria baicalensis [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(24): 9715–9722.
[7] Zhang Y, Fu X Q, Hao X L, Zhang L D, Wang L Y, Qian H M, Zhao J Y. Molecular cloning and promoter analysis of the specific salicylic acid biosynthetic pathway gene phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (AaPAL1) from Artemisia annua [J]. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 2016, 63(4): 514–524.
[8] Bhat W W, Razdan S, Rana S, Dhar N, Wani T A, Qazi P, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo S K. A phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ortholog (PkPAL1) from Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex. Benth: molecular cloning, promoter analysis and response to biotic and abiotic elicitors [J]. Gene, 2014, 547(2): 245–256.
[9] Lee B K, Park M R, Srinivas B, Chun J C, Kwon I S, Chung I M, Yoo N H, Choi K G, Yun S J. Induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene expression by paraquat and stress-related hormones in Rehmannia glutinosa [J]. Molecules and Cells, 2003, 16(1): 34–39.
[10] Liu R, Xu S H, Li J L, Hu Y L, Lin Z P. Expression profile of a PAL gene from Astragalus membranaceus var. Mongholicus and its crucial role in flux into flavonoid biosynthesis [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2006, 25(7): 705–710.
[11] 罗才林, 李林, 陈立, 邓琴, 张俊, 马璇, 徐德林, 钱刚. 白及苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆、序列特征及激素响应表达分析[J]. 中草药, 2019, 50(3): 694–701.
[12] Xu F, Deng G, Cheng S Y, Zhang W W, Huang X H, Li L L, Cheng H, Rong X F, Li J B. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of the phenylalanine ammonia-Lyase gene from Juglans regia [J]. Molecules, 2012, 17(7): 7810–7823.
[13] Kumar A, Ellis B E. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in raspberry. Structure, expression, and evolution [J]. Plant Physiology, 2001, 127(1): 230–239.
[14] Song J, Wang Z. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (SmPAL1) from Salvia miltiorrhiza [J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2009, 36(5): 939–952.
[15] Xu F, Cai R, Cheng S Y, Du H W, Wang Y, Cheng S H. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Ginkgo biloba [J]. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2008, 7(6): 721–729.
[16] Fan S P, Chen W, Wei J C, Gao X X, Yang Y C, Wang A H, Hu G S, Jia J M. Molecular cloning and characterization of three phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes from Schisandra chinensis [J]. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2022, 20(7): 527–536.
[17] Wang B, Sun W, Li Q S, Li Y, Luo H M, Song J Y, Sun C, Qian J, Zhu Y J, Hayward A, Xu H, Chen S L. Genome-wide identification of phenolic acid biosynthetic genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza [J]. Planta, 2015, 241(3): 711–725.
[18] 刘俊频, 李胜立, 袁元, 郑玲辉, 全雪丽, 吴松权. 膜荚黄芪3个苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆与表达分析[J]. 中草药, 2019, 50(7): 1669–1675.
[19] Ma L Q, Gao D Y, Wang Y N, Wang H H, Zhang J X, Pang X B, Hu T S, Lv S Y, Li G F, Ye H C, Li Y F, Wang H. Effects of overexpression of endogenous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PALrs1) on accumulation of salidroside in Rhodiola sachalinensis [J]. Plant Biology, 2008, 10(3): 323–333.
[20] Yazaki K, Kataoka M, Honda G, Severin K, Heide L. cDNA cloning and gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in Lithospermum erythrorhizon [J]. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1997, 61(12): 1995–2003.
[21] Mizukami H, Tabira Y, Ellis B E. Methyl jasmonate-induced rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell suspension cultures [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1993, 12(12): 706–709.
[22] Qing J, Yao Y, Cai Y P, Lin Y. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Dendrobium [J]. PloS ONE, 2013, 8(4): e62352.
[23] 何潇, 刘兴, 辛正琦, 谢海艳, 辛余凤, 吴能表. 半夏PtPAL基因的克隆、表达与酶动力学分析[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(10): 1941–1952.
[24] Ma W L, Wu M, WU Y, Ren Z M, Zhong Y. Cloning and characterisation of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Rhus chinensis [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2013, 32(8): 1179–1190.
[25] Jiang Y M, Xia N, Li X D, Shen W B, Liang L J, Wang C Y, Wang R, Peng F, Xia B. Molecular cloning and characterization of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (LrPAL) from Lycoris radiate [J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2011, 38(3): 1935–1940.
[26] Li W, Yang Y, Qiao C, Zhang G L, Luo Y G. Functional characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase-encoding genes from Lycoris radiata, a galanthamine-producing plant [J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 117: 1264–1279.
[27] 林春草, 陈大伟, 戴均贵. 黄酮类化合物合成生物学研究进展[J]. 药学学报, 2022, 57(5): 1322–1335.
[28] Qin Y, Li Q E, An Q J, Li D X, Huang S P, Zhao Y Y, Chen W J, Zhou J Y, Liao H. A phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Fritillaria unibracteata promotes drought tolerance by regulating lignin biosynthesis and SA signaling pathway [J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 213: 574–588.
[29] Yao L, Zhang H Y, Liu Y R, Ji Q S, Xie J, Zhang R, Huang L Q, Mei K R, Wang J, Gao W Y. Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation in ginseng plant chassis [J]. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2022, 64(9): 1739–1754.
[30] 陈雷, 常丽, 曹福亮, 汪贵斌, 董晓伟. 银杏叶黄酮类化合物含量及相关酶活性对温度和干旱胁迫的响应[J]. 西北植物学报, 2013, 33(4): 755–762.
[31] Xu Z C, Gao R R, Pu X D, Xu R, Wang J Y, Zheng S H, Zeng Y, Chen J, He C N, Song J Y. Comparative genome analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria barbata reveals the evolution of active flavonoid biosynthesis [J]. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics, 2020, 18(3): 230–240.
[32] 张宽朝, 金青, 蔡永萍, 林毅. 苯丙氨酸解氨酶与其在重要次生代谢产物调控中的作用研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2008, 24(12): 59–62.
[33] Xu N T, Liu S, Lu Z G, Pang S Y, Wang L, Wang L, Li W X. Gene expression profiles and flavonoid accumulation during salt stress in Ginkgo biloba seedlings [J]. Plants, 2020, 9(9): 1162.
[34] Takshak S, Agrawal S B. Secondary metabolites and phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes as influenced under supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation in Withania somnifera Dunal, an indigenous medicinal plant [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2014, 140: 332–343.
[35] 李菊, 李玉梅, 苟亚妮, 张同霞, 朱建龙, 肖雪梅. 酚酸类物质代谢及其化感效应研究进展[J]. 黑龙江农业科学, 2019(8): 175–182.
[36] Yan K, Cui M X, Zhao S J, Chen X B, Tang X L. Salinity stress is beneficial to the accumulation of chlorogenic acids in honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) [J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016, 7: 1563.
[37] Song J, Wang Z. RNAi-mediated suppression of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene in Salvia miltiorrhiza causes abnormal phenotypes and a reduction in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis [J]. Journal of Plant Research, 2011, 124(1): 183–192.
[38] 郝向阳, 孙雪丽, 王天池, 吕科良, 赖钟雄, 程春振. 植物PAL基因及其编码蛋白的特征与功能研究进展[J]. 热带作物学报, 2018, 39(7): 1452–1461.
[39] 高雪. 植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶研究进展[J]. 现代农业科技, 2009(1): 30–33.
[40] 付晓莹, 郭慧敏, 丛薇, 孟祥才. 外源性Na2S2O4和干旱逆境对黄芩抗氧化系统相关酶活性的影响[J]. 现代中药研究与实践, 2017, 31(5): 5–8.
[41] 赵微, 尹静, 詹亚光, 任春林, 王艳, 马泓思, 苏欣. 温度胁迫对白桦悬浮细胞中三萜积累及防御酶活性的影响[J]. 中国生物工程杂志, 2013, 33(2): 34–40.
[42] Peng X, Wu H, Chen H J, Zhang Y J, Qiu D, Zhang Z Y. Transcriptome profiling reveals candidate flavonol-related genes of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum under cold stress [J]. BMC Genomics, 2019, 20(1): 687.
[43] 徐晓梅, 杨署光. 苯丙氨酸解氨酶研究进展[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2009, 37(31): 15115–15119,15122.
[44] 孙新荣, 仲彩萍, 裴建文, 孙万仓. 半夏防御酶系对Fusarium oxysporum和Phytophthora parasitica侵染的动态反应[J]. 植物保护, 2016, 42(2): 109–113.
[45] 赵雪姣, 秦雪梅, 王梦亮, 高芬. 根腐病菌侵染对黄芪苯丙烷途径关键酶活性的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(25): 115–120.
[46] 张宁, 张晶晶, 李雅淑, 李冉琪, 侯微, 曲正义, 李亚丽, 郑培和. 人参抗黑斑病资源筛选及其相关基因差异表达分析[J/OL]. 分子植物育种, https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/46.1068.S.20220323.2108.006.html. 2022-3-24.
[47] 刘卫红, 程水源. 光照及机械损伤对银杏叶苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的影响[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2003(3): 73–75.
[48] 刘盟盟, 贾丽, 程路芸, 张洪芹, 臧晓琳, 宝音陶格涛, 张汝民, 高岩. 冷蒿酚酸及其抗氧化防御酶活性对机械损伤的响应[J]. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(2): 219–230.
[49] 祖艳群, 孙晶晶, 闵强, 李祖然, 冯光泉, 李元. 二年生三七中黄酮含量对砷胁迫的响应及其酶学机理[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2014, 20(6): 1005–1010.
[50] 薛军, 马双, 邓霞, 李成磊, 陈惠, 吴琦. 苦荞苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(FtPAL)的原核表达及其逆向催化酶学性质分析[J]. 农业生物技术学报, 2014, 22(1): 64–70.
[51] 高珂, 王玲, 吴素瑞, 隋春. 调控药用植物药效成分合成的转录因子研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2015, 46(20): 3100–3108.
[52] Ma D, Constabel C P. MYB repressors as regulators of phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants [J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2019, 24(3): 275–289.
[53] 刘光瑞, 宗渊, 李云, 曹东, 刘宝龙, 包雪梅, 李建民. 当归转录因子AsMYB44的克隆与功能研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2023, 35(6): 1253–1264.
[54] Li L, Wang D H, Zhou L, Yu X D, Yan X Y, Zhang Q, Li B, Liu Y C, Zhou W, Cao X Y, Wang Z Z. JAResponsive transcription factor SmMYB97 promotes phenolic acid and tanshinone accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2020, 68(50): 14850–14862.
[55] Shi M, Du Z Y, Hua Q, Kai G Y. CRISPR/Cas9–mediated targeted mutagenesis of bZIP2 in Salvia miltiorrhiza leads to promoted phenolic acid biosynthesis [J]. Industrial Crops & Products, 2021, 167: 113560.
[56] Wang Y J, Sheng L P, Zhang H R, Du X P, An C, Xia X L, Chen F D, Jiang J F, Chen S M. CmMYB19 over-expression improves aphid tolerance in chrysanthemum by promoting lignin synthesis [J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2017, 18(3): 619.
[57] Su L T, Lv A M, Wen W W, Fan N N, Li J J, Gao L, Zhou P, An Y. MsMYB741 is involved in alfalfa resistance to aluminum stress by regulating flavonoid biosynthesis [J]. Plant Journal, 2022, 112(3): 756–771.
[58] 陈媞颖, 刘娟, 袁媛, 周骏辉, 黄璐琦. 黄芩bHLH转录因子基因家族生物信息学及表达分析[J]. 中草药, 2018, 49(3): 671–677.
[59] Kayani S I, Shen Q, Rahman S U, Fu X Q, Li Y P, Wang C, Hassani D, Tang K. Transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Artemisia annua by AaYABBY5[J]. Horticulture Research, 2021, 8(1): 257.
[60] Yu H, Li D Y, Yang D F, Xue Z Y, Li J, Xing B C, Yan K J, Han R L, Liang Z S. SmKFB5 protein regulates phenolic acid biosynthesis by controlling the degradation of phenylalanine ammonia–lyase in Salvia miltiorrhiza [J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2021, 72(13): 4915–4929.
[61] 梁浩, 孙海, 钱佳奇, 张亚玉. 药用植物代谢调控的组学研究进展[J]. 中药材, 2023(8): 2085–2092.
[62] Zhang G H, Jiang N H, Song W L, Ma C H, Yang S C, Chen J W. De novo sequencing and transcriptome analysis of Pinellia ternata identify the candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of benzoic acid and ephedrine [J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016, 7: 1209.
[63] 程小卿, 江浩铭, 崔业旋, 林锦如, 王利国. 内生真菌Alternaria sp. GHX-P17代谢产物防治广藿香青枯病及保护酶的变化[J]. 广西植物, 2023, 43(7): 1244–1251.
Outlines

/