This study established two irrigation modes, namely sprinkler irrigation and non-irrigation, combined with four nitrogen (N) application levels: no nitrogen application (N0), 4 kg·667 m⁻² (N1), 8 kg·667 m⁻² (N2), and 12 kg·667 m⁻² (N3), resulting in a total of eight treatments. The objective was to investigate the effects of different nitrogen application levels on the physiological growth indices, yield, soil moisture content, and water-nitrogen use efficiency of Angelica sinensis produced in Minxian County, Gansu Province. The results indicated that during the seedling stage of A. sinensis, compared to the non-irrigation treatment, sprinkler irrigation increased the soil moisture content in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers by 17.82% and 27.61%, respectively (P < 0.05). Under N2 and N3 levels, the plant height of A. sinensis under sprinkler irrigation was 6.19% and 2.89% higher, respectively, than that under non-irrigation, and significantly higher than that under the N1 level under the same conditions. Regarding the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen content of leaves, apart from the seedling stage, both parameters exhibited an increasing trend with increasing nitrogen application under the two irrigation methods. Moreover, under N2 and N3 levels, sprinkler irrigation treatments showed significantly higher values than non-irrigation treatments, and the sprinkler irrigation treatment at N2 level demonstrated a certain improvement compared to the non-irrigation treatment at N3 level. The water-nitrogen use efficiency under the sprinkler irrigation treatment at N2 level was slightly lower than that at the level of N3 by 1.52%, but significantly higher than that under the non-irrigation treatment at the level of N3 by 6.21%, with the water use efficiency reaching its maximum. Therefore, considering both yield and water use efficiency, a nitrogen application rate of 8 kg·667 m⁻² combined with sprinkler irrigation is recommended for achieving efficient cultivation and optimized resource utilization of A. sinensis.
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