Research articles

Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Chloroplast Genomes of Bupleurum

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  • (College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang China)

Received date: 2025-09-02

  Accepted date: 2025-10-31

  Online published: 2025-12-31

Abstract

To explore the codon usage bias in the chloroplast genomes of Bupleurum species, this study analyzed the codon usage patterns in the chloroplast genomes of 35 Bupleurum species. Codon-related parameters were analyzed using tools including softwares of Codon W, CUSP, MEGA, and the Bioinformatics Cloud Platform. The main factors affecting codon usage bias were explored via ENC-plot analysis, neutral mapping, PR2-plot analysis, and optimal codon screening, with the optimal codons identified simultaneously. The results showed that the GC content of the first (GC1), second (GC2), and third bases (GC3) codon positions in the chloroplast genomes of the 35 Bupleurum species followed the order GC1>GC2>GC3, with the total GC content ranging from 38.13% to 38.32%, suggesting a preference for A/U-ended codons. The effective number of codons (ENC) values of all species were greater than 35, indicating weak codon usage bias. Analysis using ENC-plot, neutral mapping, and PR2-plot revealed that natural selection was the primary factor influencing codon usage bias in the chloroplast genomes of 35 species of Bupleurum, whereas mutational pressure had a relatively minor impact. By analyzing the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values, 12 common optimal codons were identified, all of which exhibited ending patterns of “NNA” and “NNU”. This study provided a theoretical basis for future genomic research, genetic improvement, and resource utilization of Bupleurum species.

Cite this article

CUI Fan-hao, ZHAO Xin-zhu, LI Hong, ZHOU Meng-li, WANG Rui-hong . Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Chloroplast Genomes of Bupleurum[J]. Subtropical Plant Science, 2025 , 54(6) : 599 -612 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.06.001

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