Subtropical Plant Science

Effects of Exogenous Strigolactone on Axillary Bud Elongation and Expression of Genes Related to the Strigolactone Metabolic Pathway in Tobacco

TIAN Hui-yuan, TANG Bo-xi, WANG Yuan-xiu, LIU Fan, GUO Kai-yang, LIU Guo-qin

2023, 52(5): 369-380. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.001

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The effects of strigolactone (SL) on the elongation of tobacco axillary buds and the expression of genes related to its metabolic pathway were carried out, to explore the relationship between SL and the growth of tobacco axillary buds and the expression changes of SL-related genes during the elongation of tobacco axillary buds, which could establish a theoretical basis for the molecular regulation mechanism of SL in regulating the growth of tobacco axillary buds. This study investigated the developmental changes of tobacco axillary meristematic tissues after decapitation, and observed the various genes associated with SL metabolic pathway of tobacco axillary buds by treatment with GR24, an artificial synthetic analogue of SLs, using paraffin sectioning and transcriptome technique. The results showed that the axillary meristem of tobacco was composed of three cell regions: central blast region (CM), peripheral meristem (PM) and costal meristem (RM), among which the CM was located at the top of the axillary meristem, which could form PM and RM through the division of basal and lateral cells, the PM was located on both sides of the axillary meristem, and the RM was located below the CM region and the inner side of the PM region. The cell volume and arrangement of the three cell regions were different, indicating that there were differences in cell division in each part of the meristem. After axillary meristem development to form axillary buds, it was found that GR24 could inhibit the elongation of axillary buds at 1–3 nodes by exogenous application of different plant growth regulators, while BR could promote the elongation of axillary buds. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SL could affect the expression of genes related to its own metabolic pathway, SL induced the expression of D27, D14, DAD2 and SMAX1-LIKE4 compared to CK and TIS-108 [a triazole-type strigolactone(SL)-biosynthesis inhibitor] treatment, whereas, D27, D14 and DAD2 were down-regulated by TIS-108 treatment, the expression of SMAX1 was inhibited by SL, while TIS-108 treatment induced the expression of SMAX1. The axillary buds of tobacco are developed from three hyphal regions of the axillary meristem, while different plant growth regulators have different effects on the axillary buds of tobacco. BR can promote the elongation of the axillary buds of tobacco, while SL can inhibit the elongation of the axillary buds, and the genes related to the metabolic pathway may play an important regulatory role in the elongation of the axillary buds of tobacco.

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Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanol Extracts from Cinnamomum burmanni Leaves

SU Xin-ke, YAO Min, YANG Lei, WU Peng, JIN Jing-wei, XIONG Ping, HUANG Jun-ming, LI Dong-li

2023, 52(5): 381-390. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.002

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Modern separation techniques such as D101 macroporous resin, MCI macroporous resin, positive and negative silica gel, gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used to separate, purify and identify the chemical components in 95% ethanol extracts of Cinnamomum burmanni leaves from Meizhou, Guangdong Province. At the same time, the antibacterial activities of the compounds were determined by microplate method, and their anti-inflammatory activities were determined by LPS-induced BV2 cells. The results showed that 25 compounds were isolated and identified from the 95% ethanol extracts of C. burmanni leaves, including flavonoids (1–3), lignans (4–6), simple phenylpropanoids (7–16), coumarins (18), benzoquinones (20–21), sesquiterpenes (22–24) and indole alkaloids (25). Except for compounds 1, 2, 5 and 18, all of them were isolated from C. burmanni for the first time. The results of antibacterial experiments showed that compounds 20 and 21 showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC of 32 μmol·L^–1, while MBC of compound 20 was 64 μmol·L^–1, and MBC of compound 21 was 32 μmol·L^–1. The results of antibacterial kinetics also showed that compound 21 had better antibacterial activity than compound 20. The results of anti-inflammatory experiments showed that compounds 5, 6 and 7 could inhibit the production of NO in BV2 cells induced by LPS, and showed good anti-inflammatory activity, the IC₅₀ values were 7.85 μmol·L^–1, 24.97 μmol·L^–1 and 7.49 μmol·L^–1, respectively.

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Effects of Two Kinds of Modification and Fresh Extracts Soaking Treatments on the Properties of Pueraria Starch

MA Yu-qi, MAN Jian-min

2023, 52(5): 391-397. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.003

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Pueraria starch were prepared by extracting and enzymatic modification or annealing, then blending and soaking the modified starch with the fresh extract produced during the extraction process. The physical and chemical properties of Pueraria starch treated with two modified soaking methods were compared. The results showed that the content of amylose in the starch was decreased, the solubility and water absorption index were increased, and the blending property was improved by the two modified soaking treatments. The two treatment methods also increased the initial temperature (T0), peak temperature (Tp), and final temperature (Tc) of Pueraria starch, and reduced the gelatinization temperature range (ΔT) and enthalpy value(ΔH), which indicated that the modified Pueraria starch was more stable to low temperature conditions and more prone to gelatinization under high temperature conditions. Both treatments significantly increased the content of Puerarin in Pueraria starch. And the digestive characteristics were characterized by a decrease in the content of fast digestible starch (RDS), while an increase in the content of slow digestible starch (SDS), which indicated that two modified soaking methods of Pueraria starch would have a positive effect on increasing satiety, reducing blood sugar, and protecting intestinal health.

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Physiological Response of Prunus pseudocerasus × incisa to High Temperature Stress

HONG Zhi-meng, XIA Si-ying

2023, 52(5): 398-403. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.004

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In this paper, five temperature levels of 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃ and 45 ℃ were selected. Each temperature level was treated for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 8 h, respectively. The physio-biochemical changes of leaves under temperature stress were determined to explore the effects of temperature stress on physiological response of Prunus pseudocerasus × incisa. The results showed that the chlorophyll content decreased first and then increased as the stress temperature increased, and the SOD activities, the contents of MDA and the soluble protein increased first and then decreased. CAT, POD activities showed an upward trend. The contents of chlorophyll, soluble protein, soluble sugar, MDA, and POD, SOD activities were presented significant differences along with the duration of stress prolongs under the same temperature stress. By means of principal component analysis showed that POD activity, SOD activity, and contents of chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble sugar were the main physiological index to high temperature stress.

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Effects of 60Co-γ Irradiation on Physiological Indicators of Camellia drupifera

ZHA Qian-hui, HUANG Jiu-xiang, LÜ Ming-tao, GONG Yong-jun, HUANG Yong-fang

2023, 52(5): 404-407. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.005

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In order to study the physiologic changes of Camellia drupifera seedlings after ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation, the authors did a ⁶⁰Co-γ by 0 Gy, 40 Gy, 50 Gy, 60 Gy and 70 Gy irradiation of seeds from two excellent materials C. drupifera ‘Fanlong 3’ and ‘Fanlong 5’ and measured chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) in leaves. The result showed that the influence on physiologic index of C. drupifera of ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation by various kinds dose was different. The chlorophyll content of 50 Gy group of ‘Fanlong 3’ and ‘Fanlong 5’ were significantly lower than those of other groups (P<0.05). The change tends of soluble sugar content on ‘Fanlong 3’ and ‘Fanlong 5’ were different which showed that the 60 Gy of ‘Fanlong 3’ was relatively low and the 70 Gy of ‘Fanlong 5’ was relatively low. The change tends of soluble protein content on ‘Fanlong 3’ and ‘Fanlong 5’ were the same which showed that the soluble protein contents of 60 Gy treatment were relatively low. The change tends of antioxidant enzyme activity on ‘Fanlong 3’ and ‘Fanlong 5’ were different. The SOD activity of high dose group (60 Gy, 70 Gy) was relatively low and the POD activity of 40 Gy treatment was relatively high in ‘Fanlong 3’. The SOD activity of control group was relatively low and that of 70 Gy treatment was relatively high in ‘Fanlong 5’. The POD activity of 60 Gy treatment was relatively low and that of 50 Gy treatment was relatively high in ‘Fanlong 5’.

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In vitro Germination of Begonia masoniana Pollen

LÜ Yan-ling

2023, 52(5): 408-412. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.006

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To explore the suitable conditions for in vitro germination of Begonia masoniana pollen, a liquid culture method was used to investigate the effects of sucrose, boric acid, PEG-4000, calcium chloride concentration, and different cultivation times on pollen tube growth through single factor experiments. The results showed that the optimal medium for pollen germination was sucrose 5%, boric acid 0.01%, PEG-4000 5%, calcium chloride 0.003%. The optimal observation time was 120 min. The pollen germination rate of B. masoniana was 90.86%. The length of the pollen tube was 511.51μm. Our results could provide reference for pollen research and breeding of other begonias.

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Morphological Development of Fruits and Seeds of Aucuba chinensis in Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan Province

LU Xiao-rong, LIU Jiang-tao, YU Ping, LI Long, CHEN Jin-hua, GU Zhi-rong, HE Gang, TIAN Xiang-rong

2023, 52(5): 413-423. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.007

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Using Aucuba chinensis from Badagong Mountain National Nature Reserve as a model, the regularity of fruit and seed development were elucidated basing on monthly observation on fruit/seed length, width, color and embryonic/endosperm morphology. On this basis of observation, the relationship between morphological developmental and ecological factors including annual average temperature and rainfall were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The total development of fruit took 13 months, which means the process from fruit abscission to falling lasted from April to next April. (2) The variation of fruit length, width and peel thickness manifested a tendency which include four stages as “slow-fast-slow-fast”, and which just like a typical double “S” shaped curve. And the most obvious development of fruit shape index appeared in stage Ⅱ, whose value varied from 2.63 to 1.57. (3) In the developmental process, fruit color kept green in the early and lasted for a long time, and then turn red very quickly, which should attribute to the rapid value decreasing of blue and green color. (4) Embryo and endosperm growth were synchronized with fruit development, and growth stage Ⅰ was the critical stage for embryonic and endosperm development, in which the embryo length/width ratio increased from 1.83 to 2.56; the endosperm developed as a cellular phenotype without a typical pasty stage. (5) At 13 months after corolla drop, about 77% of the embryos were still torpedo shaped. (6) There were significant positive correlation in fruit shape index/embryo ratio and temperature/rainfall (P<0.05), but fruit shape index was more dependent on precipitation (P<0.01) and embryo rate was more dependent on annual average temperature. Based on the above, the fruit development of A. chinensis was characterized by the obvious phenomenon of simultaneous flowering and overlapping fruiting periods. And the limitation of hydrothermal conditions was probably the main reason for the slow development of fruit and seed and the impact on seedling establishment. At the same time, most of the seed embryos were not fully differentiated when the fruits were abscised, which meant that the seed development had to undergo after-ripening, and therefore the seeds were morphologically dormant.

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Species Composition and Floristic Characteristics of Eucalyptus spp. Plantations in Guangxi, South China

HUO Chun-lin, ZHANG Zhong-hua, HU Cong, XU Chao-hao, HU Gang

2023, 52(5): 424-432. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.008

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Through integrating field surveys and literature data, this study analyzed the species composition and floristic characteristics of vascular plants in Eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi. The results showed that there were 584 species from 369 genera and 120 families of vascular plants in the Eucalyptus plantation of Guangxi. Among them, ferns consisted of 49 species from 28 genera and 15 families, gymnosperms included 6 species from 4 genera and 4 families, and angiosperms comprised 529 species from 337 genera and 101 families. These values account for 38.83%, 18.35%, and 6.37% of the total number of vascular plant families, genera, and species in Guangxi, respectively, indicating relatively low plant diversity in Eucalyptus plantation. Shrubs (201 species) dominated the vegetation, while lianas (91 species) were the least represented. At the family and genus level, this flora was dominated by plurimotypic families, mesotypic family, oligotypic genera and monotypic genera. The vascular plant genera and species tended to be concentrated in plurimotypic families, oligotypic genera and monotypic genera, indicating that the flora had a certain differentiation potential and the composition of families and genera was relatively scattered. The abundant primitive taxa of dominant families, genera, and species indicate that the floristic components had a certain degree of antiquity. There were a total of 14 distribution types and 15 subtypes in the genus distribution area. The ratio of tropical to temperate genera (R/T value) was 5.37, with tropical components being the main component, with pan tropical components being the most dominant. Only 2 genera and 2 species were endemic to China in the flora. Overall, the flora of Eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi exhibited complex composition, apparent tropical characteristics, ancient origins, but lacked unique elements, and had relatively low differentiation. These research findings could be utilized to guide the analysis of plant diversity and floristic characteristics in Eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi.

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Diversity of Understory Herbaceous Plants in Urban Forest Communities and Their Environmental Responses —the Case of Guiyang City

CAI Hong-li, OU Jing

2023, 52(5): 434-447. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.009

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Understory herbaceous plants are an important component of forest communities, and are important for maintaining the function and diversity of forest ecosystems. This study analyzed the relationship between the composition and diversity of herbaceous plants and environmental factors based on the data from 1320 understory samples (1 m×1 m) from 44 typical forest community sample plots in Guiyang City. The results showed that (1) there were 257 species of understory herbaceous plants in the study area, belonging to 186 genera in 67 families, including 226 species of seed plants, with perennial herbs as the dominant taxa (69%). Asteraceae, Gramineae, Liliaceae and Labiatae dominated. (2) A total of eight environmental factors explained 20.2% of the variation in the composition of understory herbaceous plants in Guiyang City, and stand type and elevation were the main environmental factors affecting species composition and distribution. (3) The diversity of understory herbaceous plants in different stand types was, in descending order, mixed coniferous-broadleaf forests, mixed broadleaf forests, broadleaf-only forests, mixed coniferous forests, and coniferous-only forests. The Margalef index was significantly correlated with stand type and slope direction. The Shannon-Wiener index was significantly correlated with stand type, apomictic thickness, slope direction, and slope elevation. And the Simpson index, Pielou index were significantly correlated with stand type, apoplastic thickness, and slope position. (4) Multiple regression equations showed that Margalef index was mainly affected by stand type and slope direction, Shannon-Wiener index was mainly affected by stand type, Simpson index was mainly affected by stand type and slope position, and Pielou index was mainly affected by apomictic thickness, slope position and elevation. Therefore, the joint effect of stand type, apoplastic thickness, slope direction, slope position and elevation could better explain the variation of understory herbaceous plant species diversity in the study area.

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Anoectochilus annamensis, a New Record of Orchidaceae from China and Its Kinsenoside Content Determination

HAN Yu, CHEN Hui-ling, WANG Shuo-shuo, LIANG Xiu-ting, WU Jin-zhong, WU Yan-bin, ZHENG Cheng-jian

2023, 52(5): 448-452. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.010

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Anoectochilus annamensis Lindl. was reported a new record from China. Its morphological characteristics and color pictures were provided. The voucher specimens were deposited in herbarium of College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The morphology of A. annamensis is similar to that of A. lylei, but there are 2–5 short tassels of varying lengths on each side of the middle lip. The content of kinsenoside in A. annamensis is higher than that of goodyeroside A, which can be clearly distinguished from A. lylei.

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Textual Research on the Basic Source of Chenpi and a Brief Introduction to the Planting History of Medicinal Material

WANG Ya-rong, FAN Qiang, WU Hong, WANG Jian-song, LIAO Wen-bo

2023, 52(5): 453-464. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.05.011

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Chenpi is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. Its medicinal materials are dried and mature pericarps of the Rutaceae plant Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties. In this paper, the source of dried tangerine peel was studied by consulting ancient herbal books and combining with the relevant research in modern times, including the source plants, origin and planting history, the analysis of effective components and efficacy, and the study of genetic relationship at the molecular level. "Guangchenpi" produced in Guangdong Province, is the best-dried tangerine peel, and "Xinhui Chenpi (C. reticulata cv. Chachiensis)" produced in Xinhui District of Guangdong Province, is the traditional authentic medicinal material in China, which is a national geographical indication product with excellent quality. The old use of orange peel began in the Liang Dynasty, flourished in Ming and Qing dynasties, and spread to modern times. The Ming Dynasty put forward that "the Chenpi produced in Guangzhong is the best" and emphasized the authenticity of Guangchenpi. There are many kinds of dried tangerine peel, and there are great differences in the content of total flavonoids. Besides hesperidin, polymethoxy brass compounds and volatile oils peculiar to Rutaceae plants can distinguish different sources of dried tangerine peel well, so it is suggested to add the next edition of China Pharmacopoeia as one of the quality control indicators. C. reticulata cv. Kinokuni, C. reticulata cv. Nian Ju, C. reticulata cv. Ponkan etc. have little difference with C. reticulata cv. Chachiensis in the content of flavonoids and polysaccharides, which can be used as effective planting resources for the dried tangerine peel. China's abundant wild citrus resources have strong resistance and adaptability to habitats, which is an important basis for breeding new varieties. Therefore, targeted protection, development, and utilization research should be strengthened. The textual research results of this paper can provide a basis for the further development and utilization of Guangchenpi and tangerine peel.

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