Subtropical Plant Science

Genome-wide Identification and Tissue Expression Analysis of the KNOX Gene Family in Altingia chinensis

WANG An-bang, YE Xing-zhuang, ZHAO Jin-tao, CHEN Zhi-yun, WENG Hui-ying, LIN Mao, ZHANG Guo-fang

2025, 54(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.001

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The KNOX gene family has important regulatory functions in leaf-shape growth and development in plants. This paper aims to analyze the KNOX gene family of Altingia chinensis and explore its tissue expression pattern. We used bioinformatics methods to identify and study AcKNOXs at the whole genome level of A. chinensis, and analyzed the gene location, gene structure, phyloevolutionary relationships, gene collinearity and the transcriptome expression. We identified 11 AcKNOXs from 8 chromosomes in the A. chinensis genome. Among them, AcKNOX6 and AcKNOX9 lack ELK and Homeobox KN domains, AcKNOX7 lacks ELK domain, the others have four conserved domains: KNOX 1, KNOX 2, ELK and Homeobox KN. 11 AcKNOXs are classified into Class Ⅰ (AcKNOX1, AcKNOX2, AcKNOX5, AcKNOX8, AcKNOX10, AcKNOX11), Class Ⅱ (AcKNOX3, AcKNOX4, AcKNOX7) and Class M (AcKNOX6, AcKNOX9). The AcKNOXs protein contains 144 to 444 amino acids. They were all located in the nucleus and are all acidic, unstable and hydrophilic. Through the expression pattern analysis, we found that AcKNOXs genes have tissue specificity. The majority of the members of the same subfamily showed the similar expression pattern. The main amplification mode of 11 AcKNOXs were segmental duplication, no tandem repeats were found. There were four pairs of genes with collinearity, AcKNOX3/AcKNOX4, KNOX2/AcKNOX8, AcKNOX6/AcKNOX9, and AcKNOX5/AcKNOX10, respectively. The results of this research provide the study of KNOX gene family with scientific basis, which help to do in-depth study on the genomic characteristics.

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Differential Analysis of Volatile Oil Composition of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix from Different Origins and Habitats

ZHANG Jun, LI Qian

2025, 54(1): 11-21. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.002

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The differences in volatile oil composition of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix (NRR) from different origins and habitats were studied to provide scientific basis for the quality control and resource development of NRR. Twenty batches of NRR herbs from different origins and habitats were used as experimental materials to extract the volatile oil by water vapour distillation. The volatile oil yields, compositions and relative contents of Notopterygium incisum (NI) and N. franchetii (NF) were systematically analyzed by GC-MS technology. The differences in chemical composition between NI and NF were interpreted from the perspective of volatile constituents by combining with cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Results showed that the average volatile oil content of NI was higher than that of NF, whereas NF had a richer variety of volatile oil constituents. A total of 206 constituents were identified in the volatile oils from 20 batches, which were mainly hydrocarbons and alcohols. There were only 3 common constituents in 20 batches of the samples, which were all hydrocarbons. In addition, the 5 constituents with the highest contents, namely, β-pinene, (+)-α-pinene, (+)-limonene, p-mentha-1,4-diene, (-)-terpinen-4-ol were also significantly different in the different origins and habitats samples. The chemometrics analysis showed that HCA, PCA and OPLS-DA could effectively distinguish NI from NF, but could not be differentiated between samples of different habitats. A total of 23 differentiated volatile oil constituents were screened out using VIP > 1 as a judgement criterion, which can be used as an important constituent for distinguishing NI from NF. There were significant differences in the types and contents of the volatile oils of NRR from different origins, but there were no obvious differences among different habitats, indicating that origins are the dominant factors among the many factors that cause differences in the volatile compositions of NRR. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the the quality evaluation system of NRR.

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Pathogenicity of Corynespora cassiicola in Different Tobacco Cultivars and Optimization of Culture Conditions

HUANG Chun-yang, YANG Xiang, ZHOU Hong-jiang, SHI Cai-hua, WANG Han-cheng, HU Jing-rong

2025, 54(1): 22-28. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.003

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In order to elucidate the pathogenicity of Corynespora cassiicola and determine its optimization of cultivation conditions, this study conducted inoculation experiments using six common tobacco varieties inoculating with C. cassiicola strain HBU230811. The findings revealed varying levels of infection across all tested varieties; notably, Guizhou No.5 exhibited pronounced resistance against this strain. The ability for growth was observed across multiple culture media including PDA, MS, OA, KBA, LB, and TLA; although there were no discernible differences in colony diameter between KBA and OA, the size remained significantly larger compared to other media. On OA, mycelium appeared thinner whereas it displayed denser characteristics when grown on KBA, resulting in shorter spore-forming times. Moreover, the strain demonstrated normal growth within a pH range from 4 to 12, yet optimal conditions were observed at a pH level between 7 and 9. Additionally, various factors such as sugar sources, duration of light exposure, and temperature exerted significantly influences on the growth of C. cassiicola strain HBU230811. Notably, sorbitol as a sugar source combined with cultivation at 28 ℃ under complete darkness yielded the most favorable growth conditions. These findings contribute to establishing a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic ecological characteristics of C. cassiicola strain HBU230811.

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Allelopathic Effect of Wedelia chinensis Fermented Broth on Microcystis aeruginosa

LU Xiao-gui, XIE Qin-ming

2025, 54(1): 29-36. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.004

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The use of allelochemicals for the prevention and control of cyanobacterial blooms is considered to have the advantages of low cost and sustainable development, seeking the efficient and eco-friendly algaecides is crucial. In this experiment, Microcystis aeruginosa was chosen as the subject to explore the allelopathic effects of Wedelia chinensis fermented broth It was found that the overall allelopathic effect of the Wedelia chinensis fermented broth on Microcystis aeruginosa exhibited a phenomenon of "low promotion and high inhibition." Compared to the control group (CK), a low concentration (0.5 mg·mL^–1) of the Wedelia chinensis fermented broth exhibited a maximum promotion effect of 17% on Microcystis aeruginosa growth, with cell densities of 8.73 × 10⁵ cells·mL^–1 in the CK group and 10.21 × 10⁵ cells·mL^–1 in the 0.5 mg·mL^–1 treatment group. In contrast, the highest concentration (2.5 mg·mL^–1) showed a maximum inhibition rate of 54%, with cell densities of 5.72 × 10⁵ cells·mL^–1 in the CK group and 2.61 × 10⁵ cells·mL^–1 in the 2.5 mg·mL^–1 treatment group. After 10 days of treatment, the chlorophyll a content in M. aeruginosa significantly decreased, with the 2.5 mg·mL^–1 experimental group showing chlorophyll levels significantly lower than those of the control group from the second day (P＜0.05), and by the tenth day, the chlorophyll content in the control group was 2.65 times that of the experimental group. Phycobiliproteins, which assist in photosynthesis, were found to be unaffected in their synthesis across different concentrations of pyrethrum Wedelia chinensis fermented broth compared to the control group (P＞0.05), the total protein of CK group and low to high concentration were 0.132, 0.134, 0.132, 0.129, 0.126, and 0.126 mg·L^–1, respectively. On the tenth day, the effect of pyrethrum Wedelia chinensis fermented broth on the SOD content in M. aeruginosa generally showed an increasing trend. The SOD content in the control group was higher than in the 0.5 mg·mL^–1 experimental group, but the difference was not significant (P＞0.05). In the experimental group with 2.5 mg·mL^–1, the SOD content peaked at 2.25 U·mL^–1, which was 2.1 times that of the control group. This study aimed to contribute foundational data for the prevention and control of cyanobacterial blooms.

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Non-symbiotic Germination of Hybrid Seeds of Dendrobium nobile

LIU Liang, ZHUANG Wei-dong, CHEN Pin-pin, LU Jian-long, WU Jing-chao

2025, 54(1): 37-44. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.005

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In this paper, eight species of Dendrobium nobile were crossed and 13 hybrid combinations were formulated. Their F1 generation seeds were used as test material to investigate the effects of different capsule maturity and medium on the germination. And then the hormone concentrations of protocorm induction were optimized. The results showed that capsule maturity of 180-200 days was optimal for non-symbiotic germination of Dendrobium nobile hybrid seeds, as the short sprouting time and good sprouting at this stage. The germination rates of hybrid seeds in descending order on 5 different culture media are as follows: MS, N6, 1/2MS, KC, B5. MS medium was the most suitable medium with a germination rate up to 90.27%. After seed germination, the differentiation of protocorms were good, and seedlings were formed quickly. The best medium for the differentiation of protocorm of Dendrobium nobile hybrid seeds was MS+ NAA 0.2 mg·L^–1 + 6-BA 1.0 mg·L^–1, and the culture was transferred at 35-45 days.

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Evaluation of Cold Resistance of 9 Clones of Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis

LIAO Fang-yan, CHEN Bo-zhen, WANG Li-han, WANG Yu-xin, LI Na, ZHU Bao-zhu, ZHANG Wei-hua

2025, 54(1): 45-53. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.006

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The seedlings of 9 clones of Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis were used as experimental materials, and the cold environment was simulated by a large low-temperature artificial climate chamber. Physiological indexes such as relative electrical conductivity (REC), soluble protein (SP), free proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined, and the response of physiological indexes, cold resistance were analyzed under low temperature conditions, and the cold resistance of 9 clones of A. mangium × A. auriculiformis were evaluated by membership function method comprehensively. Results showed that the relative electrical conductivity and soluble protein content of leaves of different clones increased gradually, the free proline content and SOD activity increased first and then decreased, and the MDA content increased first and then decreased and then increased under low temperature stress. According to the average membership function value, the rank of the cold resistance of 9 clones of A. mangium×A. auriculiformis is No. 8 > No. 7 > No. 6 > No. 2 > No. 1 > No. 9 > No. 3 > No. 4 > No. 5. The No. 8 has the strongest cold resistance, and it can be used as a high quality cold resistance material for hybrid breeding and cultivation.

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Diversity Analysis of Phenotypic Traits of Cinnamomum burmannii from Different Provenances in China

XU Ze-ning, LAN Cai-jia, LI Lu, CHEN Hua

2025, 54(1): 54-61. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.007

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This study investigated the phenotypic characteristics and diversity of Cinnamomum burmannii plants from various provenances across the country. Eight provenances were selected as test materials, and twenty-two biological phenotypic traits, including crown shape, leaf structure, branch formation, and plant height, were measured. Phenotypic variations were analyzed through correlation and difference analysis. The results indicated significant differences among the twenty-two biological phenotypic traits, particularly in plant height, ground diameter, petiole length, and leaf length. Notably, the provenances from Shaoguan and Jian'ou exhibited the highest growth increments, which aligns with their strong growth potential. Furthermore, the analysis of the primary phenotypic trait growth increments across different provenances revealed that the Gangzhou provenance showed the largest growth increment in leaf width, demonstrating significant variation. The Shaoguan provenance recorded the highest growth increment in leaf length, again with significant differences noted. Overall, the growth increment and potential of the Shaoguan provenance were found to be the most pronounced. Additionally, cluster analysis of C. burmannii from the eight provenances, based on biological phenotypic trait indicators, suggested that the similarity of phenotypic traits was somewhat correlated with geographical location. The findings of this research will provide quantitative baseline data on relevant phenotypic traits, contributing to the conservation and utilization of C. burmannii resources.

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Recovery Characteristics of Species Diversity and Community Structure in Subtropical Mixed Plantations after 15 Years of Natural Succession

PAN Li-jun, Du Jian, YE Xiao-ping, XU Han, LI Yan-peng, CHEN Zhao-cong

2025, 54(1): 62-70. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.008

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The resilience of species diversity and community structure are important indicators to judge the success of mixed plantation construction. This study was conducted in the subtropical mixed plantations formed after the renovation of pure forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata in 2005 in Yunyong forest farm, Foshan City, Guangdong Province. Recovery characteristics of species diversity and community structure were analyzed based on the 6.48 hm² plot which was set up in the typical areas of the above plantations in 2020. The results were as follows: (1) 169 woody plant species belonging to 121 genera in 55 families colonized the community after 15 years of natural restoration, indicating the subtropical mixed plantations had a strong conservation ability of species diversity. (2) Seven of the top ten species in terms of importance value were artificially introduced species, indicating that early introduced species still had an important effect on the community structure of subtropical mixed plantations after 15 years of natural succession. (3) The average diameter at breast height (DBH) of all individuals was 8.60 cm, and the DBH distribution was an inverse-J shape, indicating the community had normal regeneration ability. (4) Early artificially introduced species could also have normal regeneration ability, although their DBH shapes mainly showed a bell curve due to the short recovery time. The results revealed the subtropical mixed plantations had strong conservation ability of species diversity and community structure. These findings could provide a theoretical basis for optimizing forest restoration strategies in subtropical areas.

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Study on the Spatial Distribution Pattern and Potential Distribution Area of National Key Protected Wild Plants in Shennongjia Forest Area

CHEN Wei, LI Chu-ting, FU Qiang, LIU Xiu-qun

2025, 54(1): 71-81. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.009

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In this study, according to the Ministry of Ecology and Environment’s Technical Regulations for Investigation and Evaluation of Terrestrial Higher Plant Diversity in County Areas, the whole Shennongjia Forest Area was divided into 37 working grids (10 km × 10 km), and the spatial distribution pattern, protection status and potential distribution area of national key protected wild plants in the forest area were analyzed. The study found that: (1) There are 84 species (including varieties) of national key protected plants in Shennongjia Forest Area, including 7 species (including varieties) of national first-level key protected plants and 77 species (including varieties) of national second-level key protected plants. There are 79 species (including varieties) which have detailed distribution information. Among them, at the family level, Orchidaceae have the most species. At the genus level, Paris has the most species, and the life form of plants is mostly herbaceous. (2) In the analysis of horizontal distribution pattern, the number of national key protected plant species in grid 31 (Guanmen Mountain, Xiangxiyuan ) is the largest, which may be related to its location in the middle and high mountain areas with large fluctuations and in the Daba Mountains. (3) In the analysis of vertical distribution pattern, Middle-altitude forest belt ( 1200 m≤alt≤2300 m ) had the highest species richness, with a total of 67 species (including varieties) of national key protected plants, belonging to 45 genera in 29 families. (4) Screening out the hot spot area for 31 and 32 grids, both in Shennongjia National Park, indicating that the hot spot area is basically fully protected, and there is no protection vacancy in the hot spot area. There are 54 species (including varieties) of national key protected wild plants in Shennongjia National Park, with an in-situ protection rate of 64.29%. (5) Seven kinds of typical national key protected wild plants were screened out, and their current potential distribution areas were predicted. The potential distribution areas were mainly in the three areas of Hongping Town, Muyu Town and Dajiuhu Lake. Xinhua Town and Yangri Town also have some potential distribution areas, while there are basically no suitable areas in the northeast part of Shennongjia Forest Area. Among the seven national key protected wild plants, Taxus chinensis has the largest potential distribution area in Shennongjia Forest Area, accounting for 87.02% of the total area of Shennongjia Forest Area, and the area of high suitable area is 1562.50 km².

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New Records of Seed Plants in Xizang, China

XI Hou-cheng, SHEN Jian-yong, JIANG Li-ju, MA Xing-da, WANG Wen-guang

2025, 54(1): 82-84. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.010

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Amomum raoii var. oblongum, a new recorded variety from China and Phlogacanthus gomezii, a new record species of Xizang found in Medog County, Xizang, are reported in this paper. Supplementary descriptions of morphological characters are provided based on the protologues and voucher specimens. The vouchers are kept in the herbaria of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HITBC) and Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences (SZG).

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Moliniopsis, a Newly Recorded Genus of Poaceae in Guangdong Province

TONG Yi-hua, ZENG Yun-bao

2025, 54(1): 85-88. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.011

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This paper reported a newly recorded genus of Poaceae in Guangdong, viz. Moliniopsis Hayata. This genus is monotypic with the type species, M. japonica (Hackel) Hayata, distributed in Russian Far East, Japan, South Korea and Southeast China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian). Recently, a population of this species was found in Conghua District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, which is the southernmost population of this species. This new finding is of great significance for the future study of the geographical distribution and the origin and the spread of M. japonica. The vouchers are deposited in the herbarium of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IBSC).

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Research Progress on the Application of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water in Food Preservation

DAI Xiao-ze, WANG Chao, LIU Qing-qing, FENG Shu-juan, MING Yan-lin, LIN Ming-you, ZHANG Yan-hui, LIN He-tong, CHEN Yi-hui

2025, 54(1): 89-99. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.012

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Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW), as an environmentally friendly sanitizer, exhibits characteristics such as low cost, high efficiency, robust environmental protection, strong safety, and non-corrosiveness, which have led to its widespread application in food sterilization and preservation. This paper delves into the preparation principle, key parameters, sterilization mechanism, and application advantages of SAEW. Additionally, it compiles the latest advancements made by scholars globally in recent years concerning the use of SAEW in sterilizing and preserving a variety of foods, including fruits and vegetables, aquatic products, livestock meats, and poultry meats. Furthermore, the paper outlines potential future research directions and breakthroughs in SAEW technology, aiming to serve as a reference for broadening the application scope of SAEW within the food industry.

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Advance on Investigation and Diagnostic Technology of Wood Decay Fungi in Urban Trees

DENG Jia-ru, SUN Long-hua, ZHANG Jing-ai

2025, 54(1): 100-108. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2025.01.013

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Urban trees are an important part of urban green spaces and play important ecological functions. Wood decay fungi are one of the important threats to the health of urban trees. The occurrence of wood decay fungi in urban trees not only directly causes tree growth decline and affects the landscape, but also poses potential threats to personal and property safety due to tree decay and failure. Therefore, investigation and diagnosis of wood decay fungi have become an important part of tree risk assessment. This paper conducts a relatively systematic and comprehensive review from the aspects of domestic and foreign wood decay fungi resources investigation and diagnostic technology in urban trees. Wood decay fungi have been studied abroad for more than 200 years, but the main focus has been on research into the classification, decay mechanisms, and their role in tree risk assessment. Over the past 30 years, China has made considerable progress in research on wood decay fungi, with much of the focus on the diversity of large fungi in forest ecosystems and the systematic study of the taxonomic status of important fungal groups. Some advanced instruments such as tree radar and stress wave detection have been applied in diagnosing wood decay fungi, helping to assess the extent of decay and related risks and providing crucial technical support for the protection and management of urban trees. With the development of molecular biology, novel molecular detection techniques such as DNA barcoding, real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification have been widely applied, significantly improving the rapid diagnostic capabilities of wood decay fungi compared to traditional morphological identification methods. This paper aims to provide a reference for the identification and early diagnosis of wood decay fungi.

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