The histone deacetylase (HDAC) gene encodes a class of proteins associated with histone deacetylation and is related to growth, development, and stress response. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis of the Eucalyptus grandis HDAC family members and analyzed the expression patterns of the EgHDAC family in the young leaves, mature leaves, stems, roots, flowers, xylem, phloem, and cambium based on transcriptome data. The results showed that the EgHDAC family could be divided into the RPD3/HDA1, HD2, and SIR2 subfamilies, comprising a total of 15 members, all of which are hydrophilic proteins. Subcellular localization prediction mainly located these proteins in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The promoter sequences of EgHDACs contained many elements responsive to light, hormones, stress, and plant growth. The E. grandis HDAC family genes EgHDT1 and EgHDA2/4/7/8/11 were highly expressed in the young leaves, mature leaves, stems, roots, flowers, xylem, phloem, and cambium tissues, while EgHDA5 was highly expressed only in the leaves. Under treatments with jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and salt stress, EgHDT1, EgHDA4, and EgHDA5 exhibited varying degrees of expression changes. During the course of evolution, EgHDACs have both conservation and specificity, and they are likely involved in the growth and development of E. grandis, as well as responding to jasmonic acid treatment, salicylic acid treatment, and salt stress, thereby demonstrating the ability to adapt to and regulate the environment.

The chloroplast genome sequence was assembled, annotated and analyzed using fresh leaves of Dendrobium draconis to explore the sequence characteristics and the phylogenetic relationships with other species in the same genus. The results showed that the chloroplast genome of D. draconis exhibited a typical quadripartite structure with a total genome size of 159 080 bp and a GC content of 37.3%. The large single-copy region, small single-copy region and inverted repeat region were 86 613 bp (GC content 35.0%), 18 409 bp (GC content 30.4%), and 27 029 bp (GC content 43.2%), respectively. A total of 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding, 38 tRNA and 8 rRNA, were annotated. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis showed that the chloroplast genome contained 50 SSR loci, with the single nucleotide repeats consisting of A and T being the most numerous and accounting for 46.0%. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome structure showed that the boundary regions of inverted repeat regions were relatively conserved. Nucleotide diversity analysis obtained eight highly variable hotspot regions: rpoB-trnC^GCA, petN-psbM, accD-psaI, clpP-psbB, ndhF-rpl32, ndhK, ndhF, and ycf1, which could be used as potential molecular markers for identification and genetic diversity research. Phylogenetic analysis showed that D. draconis was sister to the clade formed by D. wattii, D. christyanum, D. williamsonii and D. cariniferum. This study is the first to elucidate the chloroplast genome characteristics of D. draconis, providing a foundation for molecular marker development and phylogenetic studies of D. draconis and other Dendrobium species.

In order to investigate the response mechanism of the leaves of Impatiens hainanensis, a tropical karst specialized plant, to drought stress, eight drought treatments were set up to determine the photosynthetic, fluorescence and anatomical structures of the leaves of 6-month-old I. hainanensis seedlings. The results showed that: (1) With the intensification of drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) showed a decreasing trend, while the interstitial CO2 concentration (Ci) showed a decreasing and then increasing trend. (2) With the intensification of drought stress, the maximum fluorescence yield (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic performance index (PI abs) showed a decreasing trend, while the initial fluorescence yield (Fo), light energy absorbed per unit reaction center (ABS/RC), energy dissipated per unit reaction center (DIo/RC), and energy captured per unit reaction center for QA reduction (TRo/RC) showed a decreasing trend. (TRo/RC) all showed an upward trend, and drought stress suppressed the fluorescence activity. (3) With the intensification of drought stress, cell tense ratio (CTR) showed an increasing trend. The stomatal density (SD) and palisade-to-sea ratio (P/S) exhibited a general pattern of first increasing and then decreasing as stress intensified. Meanwhile, the stomatal index (SI), stomatal opening ratio (SOR), leaf thickness (LT), mesophyll tissue thickness, and spongy ratio (SR) tended to decrease. In summary, the response of I. hainanensis to different levels of drought stress varies: under mild drought conditions, drought resistance is primarily enhanced by enlarging stomatal area and stomatal density of leaf while reducing leaf thickness (most pronounced in T2 treatment). Under moderate drought conditions (T4 treatment), the palisade-to-sea ratio reaches its peak. Under severe drought conditions, drought damage is primarily mitigated by reducing the palisade-to-sea ratio and increasing cell tense ratio. The results of this study can provide a reference for the conservation of germplasm resources and population restoration of I. hainanensis.

This study systematically investigated the responses of morphological, biomass, and physiological parameters in seedlings of the critically endangered species Primulina rubella to six nitrogen concentrations (0, 1.0, 3.0, 7.0, 12.0, and 16.0 mmol·L–1). The results demonstrated that elevated nitrogen levels significantly influenced seedling development, with key growth parameters (plant height, canopy width, leaf area), total biomass, chlorophyll content (18.74%–130.63% increase), soluble protein content, and superoxide dismutase activity (up to 702.98% enhancement) all peaking at 12.0 mmol·L–1 before declining significantly at 16.0 mmol·L–1. Soluble sugar content exhibited an initial decrease followed by stabilization, while proline content showed a distinct decrease (maximum reduction of 64.67% at 12.0 mmol·L–1) before subsequent increase. Comprehensive evaluation identified 12.0 mmol·L–1 as the optimal nitrogen concentration, promoting both optimal growth performance and maximal antioxidant capacity, thereby providing a scientific basis for precision nutrient management in ex situ conservation efforts.

This study conducted artificial simulated waterlogging stress experiments to explore the growth and physiological responses of Heuchera micrantha to waterlogging stress, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for its application and management in garden greening. The results showed that the growth rates of plant height and leaves in H. micrantha were lower under waterlogging stress than those in the control group. During the 5–10 days of stress, the fresh weight and dry weight of H. micrantha were significantly higher than those of the control group; however, from day 15 to day 25 of stress, both fresh weight and dry weight were significantly lower than those of the control group. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein in leaves, and root activity exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the prolongation of waterlogging stress. Catalase (CAT) maintained a relatively high activity level with a stable trend throughout the stress period. For photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll a showed a pattern of initial increase followed by decrease, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll fluctuated, and carotenoid content gradually increased as waterlogging stress duration extended. Correlation analysis indicated that the proportions of significantly (P<0.05) and extremely significantly (P<0.01) correlated physiological indices were 12.12% and 9.09% in the control group, 9.09% and 7.58% in the waterlogging group, and 18.18% and 4.55% in the flooding group, respectively. Above all, plant height and leaf growth of H. micrantha were inhibited to varying degrees under different waterlogging depths, with more pronounced inhibition observed at greater depths. Short-term waterlogging stress promoted fresh weight and dry weight, but prolonged stress led to significant reductions, following the order: flooding group < waterlogging group < control group. Physiological indices displayed diverse response patterns to different waterlogging depths, providing a scientific theoretical foundation for the application and management of H. micrantha in urban garden greening.

To investigate the effects of water and nitrogen application on water consumption and water use efficiency in soybean (Glycine max) intercropped with woad (Isatis indigotica) in the cool-temperate irrigation area of Hexi, the following treatments were established: pure woad (M1), pure soybean (M2), woad : soybean 2:1 (M3), woad : soybean 1:1 (M4), two nitrogen fertilizer gradients—low nitrogen (N1) 200 kg·hm–2 and high nitrogen (N2) 250 kg·hm–2, and two water stress gradients—severe water deficit (W1) and mild water deficit (W2). The effects of cropping patterns and water-nitrogen coupling on crop water consumption, yield, and water use efficiency were analyzed. Results indicate that throughout the crop growth period, crop water consumption increased with higher irrigation and nitrogen application rates, following the pattern W1N1 < W2N2. Under identical nitrogen application conditions, woad-soybean yield significantly increased with higher irrigation rates, while water use efficiency decreased with increased irrigation. Across all treatments, under mild water deficit, the yield of woad-soybean intercropping outperformed monocropping. Within intercropping systems, woad yielded higher, with the W2N1M3 treatment achieving the highest yield of 7500.91 kg·hm–2. Under identical nitrogen application conditions (N2 treatment), the W1 treatment exhibited significantly higher water use efficiency than the high-water W2 treatment. At the W1 level, both woad and soybean yields increased by 20.06% and 17.39%, respectively, compared to W2. This indicates that water-nitrogen coupling exerts significant interactive effects on water use efficiency and yield in woad-soybean intercropping. Simultaneous cropping enhances crop water use efficiency. Therefore, implementing mild water deficit combined with low nitrogen application in woad-soybean intercropping represents an optimal water-saving and high-yield model for woad cultivation in the cold-cool irrigation areas of Hexi corridor.

To explore induction measures that promote flower bud differentiation in Erythrina variegata, this study investigated the effects of exogenous regulatory substances on the physiological characteristics associated with flowering in this species. Using E. variegata trees from urban green spaces as the research subjects, exogenous substances including potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and paclobutrazol (PAC) were applied via two methods: soil pit application and foliar spraying. The effects of different exogenous substances and application methods on the tree's nutritional components, hormone content, and flowering rate were analyzed, aiming to establish a regulation method using exogenous substances for inducing flowering in E. variegata. The results showed that the application of KDP and PAC significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, as well as the soluble sugar content in leaves, while decreasing the soluble protein content, leading to an increased carbon-nitrogen ratio. The application of KDP and PAC significantly reduced the endogenous GA3 and IAA content in shoot apices but increased the ZR and ABA content, resulting in elevated ratios of ZR/IAA, ZR/GA3, ABA/IAA, and ABA/GA3. The application of KDP and PAC significantly improved the flowering rate of E. variegata branches, with the combined treatment of soil pit application and foliar spraying showing the most effective results. Therefore, the combined application of KDP and PAC via soil pit and foliar spraying is most conducive to the generation of leaf photosynthetic pigments, enhances photosynthetic products, increases the carbon-nitrogen ratio, regulates the balance of endogenous hormones, and ultimately promotes flowering in E. variegata.

The quality marker of Peucedani Radix was identified for quality control in this study. The HPLC method was employed to establish a quantitative method for coumarins in multiple batches of Peucedanum praeruptorum. The content changes of five major coumarins in the decoction pieces and decoctions of P. praeruptorum were analyzed. Finally, the quality markers of P. praeruptorum were screened through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Results showed that the content determination of praeruptorin A, praeruptorin B, peucedanin E, imperatorin, and bergapten showed a high degree of stability. Moreover, these five components exhibited good transferability and a relatively high transfer rate under different extraction methods from decoction pieces to decoctions. The results of network pharmacology inferred that praeruptorin A, imperatorin, and peucedanin E regulated signaling pathways such as IL-17, NF-κB, C-type lectin receptor, and influenza A by binding to targets like RELA, TNF, and PTGS2, and played a role in treating diseases such as coronary heart disease, tumors, cough, and asthma. Praeruptorin A, praeruptorin B, and praeruptorin E are proposed as quality marker for P. praeruptorum.

This study aimed to investigate the variation in active compound content across different parts of Ficus hirta and evaluate their effects on cell proliferation. Active constituents were extracted from the roots, leaves, and fruits, as well as from the root bark and xylem, using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and rat glioma C6 cells in response to the extracts was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Results showed that the extraction yields followed the order: fruit (26.80%) > leaf (18.63%) > root (11.27%). The root extract contained higher levels of polysaccharides (73.85 mg·g–1), polyphenols (151.51 mg·g–1), and psoralen (38.61 mg·g–1) compared to the leaf and fruit extracts. The leaf extract exhibited relatively high flavonoids (81.72 mg·g–1) and polyphenols (146.97 mg·g–1) contents, whereas the fruit extract had lower levels of all tested bioactive compounds. The content of flavonoids and polyphenols in root bark extract is higher than that in xylem, while the content of polysaccharides is lower than that in xylem.. No significant difference in psoralen content was observed between the two tissues. At low concentration (150 μg·mL–1), root and fruit extracts promoted the proliferation of both HUVECs and C6 cells. However, with increasing concentrations, all extracts (root, leaf, and fruit) exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory effects. The IC50 values were 689, 1529, and 1152 μg·mL–1 for HUVECs, and 512, 559, and 1503 μg·mL–1 for C6 cells, respectively. These findings suggest that root and fruit extracts of F. hirta are non-cytotoxic at low concentrations but may exert cytotoxic effects at higher doses. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the breeding, utilization, and safety evaluation of F. hirta.

Investigations were carried by means of visiting and comprehensive inspection, 8 counties that Pingxiang, Tiandeng, Pingguo, Bama, Donglan, Jingxi, Leye and Jinchengjiang where Picrasma quassioides natural forests concentrated were confirmed as tree selection region. Firstly, P. quassioides was selected based on quality, then the method of mean tree comparison was used to select 12 plus trees according with the standard of diameter, height, individual volume were respectively 25%, 15% and 100% higher than the average wood. Select 7 candidate plus trees based on the standards of 15%, 10%, and 50% higher than the average trees in terms of diameter, height, and individual volume. On this basis, according to statutory standards, the compliance of 19 plus trees or candidate plus trees was qualification assessment based on the total alkaloid content and 4,5-Dimethoxycanthin-6-one content as the limit indicator traits. Used the content of active ingredients such as 5-hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one, 4,5-Dimethoxycanthin-6-one, and total alkaloids as quality analysis indicators, 18 trees were selected, Among them, JCJ101, JCJ102, JCJ103, JCJ201, and JX101 were recommended as propagative material for high-yield and high-quality demonstration forests of P. quassioides.

The phenotypic traits of 22 germplasms of nobile-type Dendrobium were comprehensively analyzed and evaluated by means of coefficient of variation analysis, correlation analysis and factor analysis. The results showed that there were different degrees of differences in the performance of quantitative and qualitative traits of these germplasms. There were distinctive differences on 13 quantitative traits with variation coefficients ranging from 22.80% to 110.41%. The coefficient of variation showed that number of flowers, number of inflorescences, total number of branches, number of flowering branches, and flowering period of a single flower were high (coefficient of variation＞50%). The results of correlation analysis showed that the quantitative traits of 22 germplasms were correlated with each other in terms of flowering period of a single flower, flower transverse diameter, flower longitudinal diameter, total number of flowers per plant, total number of branches, number of flowering branches, number of inflorescences, leaf length, leaf width, stem thickness, plant height, and so on. Factor analysis showed that the tested cultivars of nobile-type Dendrobium with better ornamental performance were: ‘Queen’, D. thyrsiflorum, ‘Red Star’, D. williamsonii, ‘Snowy Jade’, ‘Oriental Smile’, ‘Splash Ink Rose’, ‘Splash Ink Pink Fantasy’, ‘Mt. Fuji Heart of Redness’, and ‘Fairy's Kiss’.

A new variety of Melastomataceae, Bredia fordii var. albiflora Liang Ma & Xin Y. Chen, is reported from Fujian province, China. This variety is distinguished from B. fordii var. fordii by its having short white hairs throughout the entire plant, and branchlets, petioles, abaxial leaf surfaces, pedicels, and calyx are all green, while petals white. The new taxon is distributed in evergreen broad-leaved forests of northwestern Fujian, with stable populations and no special trait variation or degeneration observed.

Based on literature review, type specimen research, field observation and comparative study of morphology and anatomy, two new records of species distributed in Zhejiang, namely Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum and Ilex ningdeensis C. J. Tseng, as well as two new forms, Syzygium buxifolium Hook. et Arn. f. leucocarpum F. Lin, G. Y. Li et Z. H. Chen and Scutellaria barbata D. Don f. albiflora F. Lin et Z. H. Chen, are reported. The voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History (ZM).

Genus Thalictrum, belonging to Ranunculaceae, contains about 200 species or varieties, and plays an important role in horticultural production and traditional medicine. In this study, Chinese and English papers related to the study of Thalictrum were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection and CNKI. VOSviewer and other software were used for bibliometric analysis. The results showed that the research on Thalictrum mainly focused on resource classification, phylogeny, phytochemistry (especially benzylisoquinoline alkaloids) and ethnopharmacology, but generally not in-depth. China is one of the most important participants in the study of Thalictrum, and the number of English documents accounts for 39.9% of the world’s total, occupying an absolute advantage in related research. Integrative genomic approaches to delineate phylogenetic relationships in Thalictrum, coupled with multi-omics analyses to elucidate the biosynthetic mechanisms underlying benzylisoquinoline alkaloid diversity, along with the application of modern pharmacological and molecular biological methods to investigate their pharmacological mechanisms, represent highly promising research directions. In addition, it is of great significance to give full play to our resource advantages and strive to promote the parallel utilization and protection of resources, so as to promote the research and utilization of Thalictrum resources in China.