Subtropical Plant Science

Chloroplast Genome Characteristics and Phylogeny of the Genus Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae)

FU Wen-fo, XIAO Tao, ZHANG Yong-hong

2023, 52(4): 271-286. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.001

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In this study, the basic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship of chloroplast genome sequences from 17 species of Lycoris were analyzed. The results showed that the chloroplast genomes of Lycoris had a typical quadripartite circle structure with a total length of 158 335–158 761 bp and a total GC content of 37.7%–37.8%. The number of genes was 133–137, and the number of protein-coding genes, rRNA genes, and tRNA genes were identical in different species. There were 41–57 interspersed repeats and 66–74 SSR loci detected, among which single nucleotide A/T repeats were the most frequent. Codon preference analysis showed that the number of coding codons ranged from 26 448 to 26 740. The RSCU values of 31 codons were greater than 1 and the third base of 29 codons were A or U, which indicated that Lycoris plant preferred codons ended with A or U. The results of chloroplast genome alignment and collinearity analysis exhibited highly conservative with no rearrangement and inversion observed. Higher variation frequency of non-coding regions versus coding regions was detected. The IR boundary analysis showed that rpl22, rps19 and ndhF genes in some species crossed the JLB or JSB boundary due to the contraction and expansion of the IR region. Nucleotide polymorphism analysis detected 7 highly variable genes or intergenic regions, trnG-UCC, atpF-atpH, psbC-trnS-UGA-psbZ, trnG-GCC-psbZ, rpl32, trnL-UAG- rpl32-ccsA, rps15-ycf1, which could be used as molecular markers for phylogenetic analysis. The molecular phylogenetic tree showed that all Lycoris species clustered closely and formed a monophyly, which supported the independent taxonomic status of the genus. Two traditional subgenera, Symmanthus and Lycoris, didn’t form monophyly separately, although distinguished in stamen and corolla. And it was still doubtable on the intrageneric circumscription based on the relative position of stamens and perianth. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis supported the perspective of the hybrid origin of L. anhuiensis, L. houdyshelii, L. straminea and L. rosea, with potential maternal species recommended.

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Effects of Nitrogen Exponential Fertilization on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Melastoma candidum Seedlings

LI Bing-min, ZHUO Ding-long, XIE Wei-wen, FANG Bi-jun, LIU Xiao-zhou, TAN Guang-wen

2023, 52(4): 287-292. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.002

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In this study, one-year-old Melastoma candidum cutting seedlings were used as experimental materials, and five gradients of N index fertilization treatments (total nitrogen 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 g per plant, respectively) were set up. In addition, no fertilization and average fertilization (total nitrogen application was 5 g per plant) were set as control treatments. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer exponential fertilization on the growth of M. candidum seedlings were discussed by measuring mortality, seedling height, ground diameter, biomass, chlorophyll SPAD value and photosynthetic characteristics, combined with membership function analysis. The results showed that treatment 4 (17.50 g nitrogen fertilizer per plant) was the most significant, and its seedling height, ground diameter, biomass, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductivity, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate and water use efficiency could reached the maximum value, but root-shoot ratio and stomatal limitation value reached the minimum value. The comprehensive value of membership function of treatment 4 was the highest. Therefore, we concluded that the exponential fertilization treatment 4 had the best fertilization effect for M. candidum, that was, the exponential fertilization treatment of 17.50 g nitrogen fertilizer per plant.

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Seed Morphology and Germination Characteristics of Siraitia grosvenorii Bolin No. 2

ZENG Li-qi, ZENG Jia-xin, YANG Lei-lei, YANG Yang

2023, 52(4): 293-300. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.003

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The seeds of Siraitia grosvenorii Bolin No. 2 from Yongfu, Guilin, Guangxi were used as experimental materials to study the germination characteristics. The morphology, thousand-grain weight, water absorption rate and germination rate of the seeds were observed and measured, as well as the effects of different soaking treatment, pH, and PEG-6000 concentrations on the germination of S. grosvenorii seeds. The results showed that the seeds of Bolin No. 2 were flat-shaped and round-like, with a length of 17.00 mm, width of 14.34 mm, and thickness of 3.44 mm, and the thousand-grain weight of 178.71 g. The water absorbed by the S. grosvenorii seeds was mainly stored in the large gaps in the thick-walled fibers at the edge of the seed coat, which was needed for seed germination and growth. The mature seeds had a germination rate of 46.67% and a germination potential of 13.33% under the conditions of 25 ℃, 60% relative humidity, 12 h light/12 h dark. Soaking could advance the start and end time of seed germination by 7–8 days. The germination of S. grosvenorii seeds was significantly affected by acid stress and drought stress. Its germination rate was highest (53.33%) under weakly acidic conditions (pH 6), while acidity continued to increase, its germination rate and germination potential were significantly reduced. High concentration PEG-6000 drought stress not only reduced the germination rate and potential, but also significantly affected the growth vigor of seedlings.

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Identification of Chemical Components of Acanthopanax trifoliatus by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

CHEN Lan-qing, LI Shu-zhen, GAN Li-she, JIN Jing-wei, WU Ri-hui, MA Hang, ZHANG Kun, LI Dong-li

2023, 52(4): 301-309. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.004

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An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field-orbital-trap-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) method for the analysis of various chemical components in Acanthopanax trifoliatus was established. The sample was separated by Hypersil GOLD C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm), eluting with 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. Chemical components were quickly identified by mass spectrometry and comfirmed by the negative ion full scan mode and the secondary mass spectrometer automatic trigger scan. The chemical components were identified by database, literature comparison and reference materials. A total of 29 chemical components were identified, including nineteen polyphenolic compounds and ten terpenoids. This study was the first to report the feasibility of using the UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS method to quickly and comprehensively analyze the active chemical components of A. trifoliatus. The method can provide a basis for the analysis of active chemical composition of A. trifoliatus.

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Process Optimization of Shugan Wei'an Granules Based on Box-Behnken Response Surface Method

KE Yuan-yuan, GAO Yong-yue, LUO Yu-ling, ZHOU Xun-rong

2023, 52(4): 310-317. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.005

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The preparation process of Shugan Wei?'an granules was explored in this paper. Using naringin content and total solid yield as indicators, the optimal extraction process for Shugan Wei'an granules was optimized through orthogonal experiments, including the optimal decoction time, decoction frequency, and water addition ratio. And the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the optimal levels of the drug-excipient ratio, excipient material ratio and colloidal silica ratio for particle forming process, and using the comprehensive weighting method to calculate the overall evaluation score. The optimum extraction process of Shugan?Wei?'an granules was as follows: decocting 3 times, adding 7.5 times water for the first time, adding 6 times water for the second and third times, decocting 45 min each time, filtering and concentrating. The optimum molding process was as follows: the ratio of excipients to extract was 1:1, the ratio of soluble starch to dextrin was 1:1, and the ratio of colloidal silica was 8%. The average value of the three batches of total evaluation was 0.737, the theoretical prediction value was 0.766, and the relative deviation between the verification value and the prediction value was 1.93% (less than 5.0%).? This experiment optimized the preparation process of Shugan Wei'an granules, which can provide important theoretical support for the large-scale production of Shugan Wei'an granules.

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Variation Analysis of Leaf Phenotypic in Different Provenance of Castanopsis hystrix

LI Na, YANG Yuan-mu, LI Zi-yue, WEI Rui-yan, XU Fang, CHEN Xin-yu, ZHU Bao-zhu, ZHANG Wei-hua

2023, 52(4): 318-326. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.006

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The leaf phenotypic variation characteristics and geographical variation rules of different populations of Castanopsis hystrix were studied in this paper. A total of 229 clones of 17 representative populations in the germplasm gene bank were selected as the research objects. Five phenotypic traits of leaves were selected for variance analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis to explore the morphological variation of leaves in different populations of C. hystrix and its relationship with geographical and climatic factors. The variation ranges of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, leaf index and petiole length of different populations were 10.9–17.9 cm², 7.5–9.3 cm, 2.2–2.9 cm, 3.3–3.6 and 0.39–0.67 cm, respectively, and the coefficient of variation among characters was 3.2% – 15.6%. There were significant differences between populations and within populations, and the mean variance component percentage within populations (48.404%) was significantly higher than that between populations (11.423%). The variation within populations was the main source of phenotypic variation of C. hystrix leaves. Leaf area, leaf length and leaf width were positively correlated, and leaf width, leaf area and petiole length were negatively correlated with leaf index. Leaf length, leaf width and leaf area were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with longitude, and were significantly positively correlated with altitude. At Euclidean distances 15, 17 populations could be clustered into 3 groups. The variation of leaf phenotypic traits in C. hystrix was abundant, and leaf length, leaf width and leaf area showed a geographical variation pattern dominated by longitude and altitude. With large longitude and low altitude, the leaves are relatively short and small.

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Extracting Tea Plantations in Xiamen Based on Sentinel-2 Data

LI Yan, ZHANG Fan

2023, 52(4): 327-335. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.007

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The reasonable development of tea plantations is of great significance for the local economy and ecological environment protection. Obtaining accurate spatial distribution of tea plantations is an important factor in tea plantations management and land use. This paper takes Lianhua Town, Tong'an District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province as the research area, and takes Sentinel-2 remote sensing image as the data source to analyze the difference of spectral characteristics of multi-temporal Sentinel-2 spectrum in different ground objects. The vegetation indices with sensitive spectrum and texture features were used as the extraction characteristics of tea plantations. The distribution range of tea plantations in the research area was extracted using the random forest classification method. The results showed that the random forest method combined with Sentinel-2 spectral and texture information can achieve good results in many periods. Among them, the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient in October were the highest, reaching 95.53% and 0.9088, respectively; the classification accuracy in April and December was relatively close, with overall accuracies of 94.28% and 94.41%, and Kappa coefficients of 0.8889 and 0.8881, respectively; the classification accuracy in July was the lowest, with an overall accuracy of 91.05% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.8254. The classification results meet the research needs.

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Diversity and Protection Suggestions of National Key Protected Wild Plants in Jingning, Zhejiang Province

HE Hai-rong, WU Yao-cheng, JIN Min-zhong, LIN Jian, CHENG Li-bo, XIA Li-min

2023, 52(4): 336-342. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.008

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The project team completed the investigation and analysis of national key protected wild plant resources and their diversity in Jingning County by means of literature review and field investigation. According to the investigation, there are 51 species of wild plants in 38 genera and 28 families under state key protection in Jingning, including 1 species of first class and 50 species of second class. The composition and distribution characteristics of the family, genus and species of the state key protected plants were studied, and the endangered status and causes of endangerment were analyzed. At the same time, according to the actual situation of Jingning, the corresponding protection measures were proposed such as strengthening publicity and education to enhance the public protection awareness, strengthening law enforcement to improve the level of protection, strengthening resource investigation to understand the dynamic changes, strengthening the management of natural protected areas to improve the effectiveness of protection.

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Tainia epiphytica, a New Record of Orchidaceae from China

LONG Bo, ZHANG Ze, ZHANG Yu, XU Ru-hua, ZHAO Da-ke

2023, 52(4): 343-346. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.009

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Tainia epiphytica S. Sarkar, Agrawala, S. Chakraborty, D. Maity & Odyuo (Orchiaceae) was reported as a new record in China from Yunnan Province. It was previously known from the Mizoram and Nagaland, north-east India, and Laos and Vietnam. This species is similar to T. latifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f., but differs in its purple brown flower, base yellow, pedicel and ovary 10 mm long, green; column without wings, cap with yellow protrusion. Description and color photos were provided. The voucher specimens were deposited in herbarium of Yunnan University (YNU).

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Four Newly Recorded Species of Orchidaceae from Guizhou Province

FEI Shi-peng, CHEN Zheng-ren, LIU Shao-fei, YU Cheng-jun, FU Zhen-zhong, MO Jia-wei, YU Deng-li

2023, 52(4): 347-350. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.010

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Four newly recorded species of Orchidaceae were identified in Guizhou province, viz., Dendrobium densiflourm Lindl., Dendrolirium malipoense (Z. J. Liu et S. S. Chen) H. Jiang, Goodyera yangmeishanensis T. P. Lin, Liparis petraea Aver. & Averyanova. These new records have enriched the diversity of Orchidaceae in Guizhou province, and have certain significance to the study of flora in the future.

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Botanical Research on Rubus Species in An Illustrated Book on Plants

WANG Tao, XIAO Ding-yong, HOU Xue-liang

2023, 52(4): 351-360. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.011

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After a detailed study on taxonomic traits of Rubus species described in An Illustrated Book on Plants, combined with study on specimens from producing area and field investigations, new botanical research opinions on five plants, including "Maitiaocao", "Mianlaici", "Yinyanglian", "Penglei" and "Fupenzi", have been provided. "Maitiaocao" should be Rubus sumatranus Miquel, "Mianlaici" should be R. columellaris Tutcher, "Yinyanglian" should be R. pacificus Hance, "Penglei" should be R. tephrodes Hance, while "Fupenzi" should be R. coreanus Miquel. We agree with the results of previous research on "Hongmeixiao", "Popan" and "Xuangouzi". In addition, "Baimaan" and "Baixianpi" are not Rubus species.

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Research Progress on Food-grade Microbial Fermented Traditional Chinese Medicine

ZHENG Jia-xin, ZHANG Jian, JIANG Bei-xian, ZHANG Yu-li, HU Jin-yu, ZHAO Yan

2023, 52(4): 361-368. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2023.04.012

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Food-grade microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine is the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese medicine processing. After fermented by food-grade microorganism, the extraction rate of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine was improved, the drug effect was enhanced, and the toxic and side effects were reduced. Furthermore, it also had the advantages of improving taste and saving resources. It has broad research and application prospects in breeding, medical care, cosmetics and other fields. This article reviewed the current research progress of food-grade microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine, mainly from the perspectives of fermentation technology, strain breeding and medicine and food homology of traditional Chinese medicine, and analyzed the effects of current traditional Chinese medicine through fermentation on its synergistic effect, taste and application in different fields, providing development ideas and references for the follow-up research of traditional Chinese medicine.

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